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The isolation of two populations of a species due to a change in breeding periods. This isolation acts as a precursor to allochronic speciation, a type of speciation which results when two populations of a species become isolated due to differences in reproductive timing. An example is the periodical 13- and 17-year Magicicada species. [3]
By and large, a male's potential reproductive success is limited by the number of females he mates with, whereas a female's potential reproductive success is limited by how many eggs she can produce. According to Bateman's principle, this results in sexual selection , in which males compete with each other, and females become choosy in which ...
Examples include predation and competition pressures, parasites, deceptive pollination, and mimicry. [20] Because these and other factors can result in reproductive character displacement, Conrad J. Hoskin and Megan Higgie give five criteria for reinforcement to be distinguished between ecological and ethological influences:
[37] [page needed] The two-fold reproductive disadvantage assumes that males contribute only genes to their offspring and sexual females spend half their reproductive potential on sons. [ 36 ] [ page needed ] Thus, in this formulation, the principal cost of sex is that males and females must successfully copulate , which almost always involves ...
Femininity in the female face and voice provide cues to female reproductive hormones and reproductive potential. [105] Males tend to have lower pitched voices than females, likely due to male intrasexual competition, [ 106 ] but some evidence suggests that high female voice pitch may also be favored by male mate choice and function in ...
A recently observed example has as protagonists M. xanthus (predator) and E. coli (prey) in which a parallel evolution of both species can be observed through genomic and phenotypic modifications, producing in future generations a better adaptation of one of the species that is counteracted by the evolution of the other, thus generating an arms ...
The small plant in front is about 1 cm (0.4 in) tall. The concept of "individual" is obviously stretched by this asexual reproductive process. Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents.
It deals with both veterinary and human reproductive medicine. Fertility and Sterility is a monthly journal from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine; Also, many academic journals in obstetrics and gynaecology dedicate many articles to reproductive endocrinology and infertility.