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Deactivated as coastal fort: Year the fort was disarmed (periods of caretaker status are not noted). Deactivated as military post: Year the fort site was abandoned by the Armed Forces. For new construction in World War II, locations with 6-inch guns are included only where they were the primary defenses in the area.
When the United States gained independence in 1783, the seacoast defense fortifications were in poor condition. Concerned by the outbreak of war in Europe in 1793, the Congress created a combined unit of "Artillerists and Engineers" to design, build, and garrison forts in 1794, appointed a committee to study coast defense needs, and appropriated money to construct a number of fortifications ...
In the early 17th century, the Order began to strengthen the coastal fortifications outside the harbour area, by building watchtowers. The first of these was Garzes Tower, which was built in 1605. The Wignacourt, Lascaris and De Redin towers were built over the course of the 17th century. The last coastal watchtower to be built was Isopu Tower ...
Newport received several new forts under the first system of US fortifications in the 1790s. By this time Newport was considered the most important coastal site in New England, with two companies of the Regular Army 's Artillerists and Engineers stationed there. [ 19 ]
Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794–1815. CDSG Press. ISBN 978-0-9748167-2-2. Weaver II, John R. (2018). A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press. ISBN 978-1-7323916-1-1.
List of coastal fortifications of the United States; List of United States War Department Forms - Lists US Army ordnance publications circa 1895–1920, links online versions, including many coast artillery weapons; Coastal defence and fortification; United States home front during World War I; Attacks on North America during World War II
The Board of Fortifications was convened in 1885 under Secretary of War William Crowninshield Endicott to develop recommendations for a full replacement of existing coast defenses. Most of its recommendations were adopted, and construction began in 1897 on new forts to defend Long Island Sound. [ 28 ]
A sea fort is (in its classic form) a fort completely surrounded by water by virtue of being off a coast. It may be a fortified island, built on a large part of an island or a tidal island, a construction built on the sea bed, or consist of steel towers erected on the seabed.