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An eruption column or eruption plume is a cloud of super-heated ash and tephra suspended in gases emitted during an explosive volcanic eruption. The volcanic materials form a vertical column or plume that may rise many kilometers into the air above the vent of the volcano. In the most explosive eruptions, the eruption column may rise over 40 km ...
Hawaiian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption named after the Hawaiian volcanoes, such as Mauna Loa, with this eruptive type is hallmark. Hawaiian eruptions are the calmest types of volcanic events, characterized by the effusive eruption of very fluid basalt-type lavas with low gaseous content. The volume of ejected material from Hawaiian ...
A volcanologist is a geologist who studies the eruptive activity and formation of volcanoes and their current and historic eruptions. Volcanologists frequently visit volcanoes, especially active ones, to observe volcanic eruptions, collect eruptive products including tephra (such as ash or pumice), rock and lava samples. One major focus of ...
A volcanic eruption is essentially the only natural way for short-lived – less than a few years – gases like sulfur dioxide and water vapor to make it into the stratosphere.
This eruption was the largest in at least 1,300 years (after the hypothesized eruption causing the volcanic winter of 536); its effect on the climate may have been exacerbated by the 1814 eruption of Mayon in the Philippines. The significant amount of volcanic ash and gases released into the atmosphere blocked sunlight, leading to global cooling.
A volcanic eruption could just be a simple outpouring of material onto the surface of a planet, but they usually involve a complex mixture of solids, liquids and gases which behave in equally complex ways. [3] Some types of explosive eruptions can release energy a quarter that of an equivalent mass of TNT. [18]
During the same time interval, CO 2 emissions from volcanoes during eruptions were estimated to be 1.8 ± 0.9 Tg per year [10] and during non-eruptive activity were 51.3 ± 5.7 Tg per year. [10] Therefore, CO 2 emissions during volcanic eruptions are less than 10% of CO 2 emissions released during non-eruptive volcanic activity.
In volcanology, a subaerial eruption is any sort of volcanic eruption that occurs on the Earth's surface, or in the open air "under the air", and not underwater or underground. They generally produce pyroclastic flows , lava fountains and lava flows, which are commonly classified in different subaerial eruption types, including Plinian ...