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The SWAI consists of 59 items that provide six subscale scores: excessive daytime sleepiness, nocturnal sleep, ability to relax, energy level, social desirability, and psychic distress. [1] Each item is rated on a 1 to 9 semicontinuous Likert type scale from "always" to "never", based on the previous seven days. [ 1 ]
The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), developed by William C. Dement and colleagues in 1972, is a one-item self-report questionnaire measuring levels of sleepiness throughout the day. The scale has been validated for adult populations [ 1 ] and is generally used to track overall alertness at each hour of the day.
In narcolepsy, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale has both a high specificity (100%) and sensitivity (93.5%). [7] The Epworth Sleepiness Scale has been used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of other similar measurements of sleep quality. [8] [9] The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index is a related scoring tool of sleep quality.
Sleep apnea is the second most frequent cause of secondary hypersomnia, affecting up to 4% of middle-aged adults, mostly men. Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) is a clinical variant of sleep apnea that can also cause hypersomnia. [8] Just as other sleep disorders (like narcolepsy) can coexist with sleep apnea, the same is true for UARS.
If you're looking for gift ideas that promote healthy sleep for recent college graduates, here are 13 options. The list includes products such as a quality innerspring mattress, waterproof ...
The component scores consist of subjective sleep quality, sleep latency (i.e., how long it takes to fall asleep), sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency (i.e., the percentage of time in bed that one is asleep), sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. Each item is weighted on a 0–3 interval scale.
Sleep efficiency (SE) is the ratio between the time a person spends asleep, and the total time dedicated to sleep (i.e. both sleeping and attempting to fall asleep or fall back asleep). It is given as a percentage. [1] SE of 80% or more is considered normal/healthy with most young healthy adults displaying SE above 90%.
1. “Graduation (Friends Forever)” by Vitamin C. Release year: 1999 Standout lyrics: As we go on, we remember / All the times we had together / And as our lives change, come whatever / We will ...