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Experimental data, however, can never prove that the hypotheses (h) is true, but relies on an inductive inference by measuring the probability of the hypotheses relative to the empirical data. The proof is in the rational demonstration of using the logic of inference, math, testing, and deductive reasoning of significance. [1] [2] [6]
The origin of the phrase "Lies, damned lies, and statistics" is unclear, but Mark Twain attributed it to Benjamin Disraeli [1] "Lies, damned lies, and statistics" is a phrase describing the persuasive power of statistics to bolster weak arguments, "one of the best, and best-known" critiques of applied statistics. [2]
Statistics, when used in a misleading fashion, can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows. That is, a misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others, it is purposeful and for the gain of the perpetrator.
Simpson's paradox has been used to illustrate the kind of misleading results that the misuse of statistics can generate. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Edward H. Simpson first described this phenomenon in a technical paper in 1951, [ 9 ] but the statisticians Karl Pearson (in 1899 [ 10 ] ) and Udny Yule (in 1903 [ 11 ] ) had mentioned similar effects earlier.
It has become one of the best-selling statistics books in history, with over one and a half million copies sold in the English-language edition. [1] It has also been widely translated. Themes of the book include "Correlation does not imply causation" and "Using random sampling." It also shows how statistical graphs can be used to distort reality.
He continued, saying that they'd believe anything Fox broadcasts. Trump's alleged words began circulating the online sphere in October 2015 , when Trump's campaign was beginning to be taken seriously.
Popper's theory presents an asymmetry in that evidence can prove a theory wrong, by establishing facts that are inconsistent with the theory. In contrast, evidence cannot prove a theory correct because other evidence, yet to be discovered, may exist that is inconsistent with the theory. [9]
It’s one reason the global blue zones create the longest-living and healthiest people. After all, they are clusters of people who live, learn, and work alongside each other.