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  2. Flesch–Kincaid readability tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch–Kincaid...

    "The Flesch–Kincaid" (F–K) reading grade level was developed under contract to the U.S. Navy in 1975 by J. Peter Kincaid and his team. [1] Related U.S. Navy research directed by Kincaid delved into high-tech education (for example, the electronic authoring and delivery of technical information), [2] usefulness of the Flesch–Kincaid readability formula, [3] computer aids for editing tests ...

  3. Readability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readability

    Their book included the first scientific study of the reading skills of American adults. The sample included 1,690 adults from a variety of settings and regions. The test used a number of passages from newspapers, magazines, and books—as well as a standard reading test. They found a mean grade score of 7.81 (eighth month of the seventh grade).

  4. Nelson–Denny Reading Test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson–Denny_Reading_Test

    The Nelson–Denny Reading Test was created in 1930 by Martin J. Nelson and Emerson Charles Denny, both of whom were on the faculty of Iowa State Teacher's College. The purpose of the test is to measure reading ability among high school and college students. It is not appropriate for the clinical evaluation of reading disorders, however it may ...

  5. Gunning fog index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunning_fog_index

    In linguistics, the Gunning fog index is a readability test for English writing. The index estimates the years of formal education a person needs to understand the text on the first reading. For instance, a fog index of 12 requires the reading level of a United States high school senior (around 18 years old).

  6. Reading comprehension - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehension

    Reading comprehension is the ability to process written text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. [1][2][3][4] Reading comprehension relies on two abilities that are connected to each other: word reading and language comprehension. [5] Comprehension specifically is a "creative, multifaceted process" that ...

  7. Fountas and Pinnell reading levels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountas_and_Pinnell...

    Literacy. v. t. e. Fountas & Pinnell reading levels (commonly referred to as "Fountas & Pinnell") are a proprietary system of reading levels developed by Irene Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell and published by Heinemann to support their Levelled Literacy Interventions (LLI) series of student readers and teacher resource products. [1]

  8. Reading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading

    Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

  9. Progress in International Reading Literacy Study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_in_International...

    PIRLS 2021. The IEA's Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) [ 1 ] is an international study of reading (comprehension) achievement in 9-10 year olds. It has been conducted every five years since 2001 by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). It is designed to measure children's ...

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