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Atomic layer deposition. Schematic illustration of one reaction cycle of the ALD process, using the trimethylaluminium (TMA) -water process to make thin aluminium oxide films as (simplified) example. There, the starting surface contains hydroxyls (OH groups) as reactive sites; Step 1 is the reaction of TMA; Step 2 is a purge or evacuation step ...
Atomic layer epitaxy. Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), [1] more generally known as atomic layer deposition (ALD), [2] is a specialized form of thin film growth (epitaxy) that typically deposit alternating monolayers of two elements onto a substrate. The crystal lattice structure achieved is thin, uniform, and aligned with the structure of the substrate.
Aldol condensation. An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in organic chemistry in which two carbonyl moieties (of aldehydes or ketones) react to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone (an aldol reaction), and this is then followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone. The overall reaction equation is as follows (where the ...
Sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) is a technique derived from atomic layer deposition (ALD) in which a polymer is infused with inorganic material using sequential, self-limiting exposures to gaseous precursors, allowing precise control over the composition, structure, and properties of product materials. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] This ...
There is a notable rate enhancement when certain Diels–Alder reactions are carried out in polar organic solvents such as dimethylformamide and ethylene glycol, [13] and even in water. [14] The reaction of cyclopentadiene and butenone for example is 700 times faster in water relative to 2,2,4-trimethylpentane as solvent. [ 14 ]
Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water bodies, with a negative impact on their uses. [ 1 ]: 6 It is usually a result of human activities. Water bodies include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants mix with these water bodies.
1. It's Typically Worse Than Tap Water. Bottled water, believe it or not, isn't held to the same standards as tap water. That means harmful chemicals can leach from the bottle, especially if it ...
Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric substance, meaning it can react with both acids and bases, such as hydrofluoric acid and sodium hydroxide, acting as an acid with a base and a base with an acid, neutralising the other and producing a salt. Al 2 O 3 + 6 HF → 2 AlF 3 + 3 H 2 O.