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The Shannon–Weaver modelis one of the first and most influential models of communication. It was initially published in the 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" and explains communicationin terms of five basic components: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination. The source produces the original message.
A cellular network or mobile network is a telecommunications network where the link to and from end nodes is wireless and the network is distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver (such as a base station). These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for ...
Frank Dance's helical model of communication was initially published in his 1967 book Human Communication Theory. [161] [162] [163] It is intended as a response to and an improvement over linear and circular models by stressing the dynamic nature of communication and how it changes the participants. Dance sees the fault of linear models as ...
A communication channel refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel in telecommunications and computer networking. A channel is used for information transfer of, for example, a digital bit stream, from one or several senders to one or several receivers.
Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the signal, the receptor, and the effector. [citation needed] In biology, signals are mostly chemical in nature, but can also be physical cues such as pressure, voltage, temperature, or light.
Telephony (/ təˈlɛfəni / tə-LEF-ə-nee) is the field of technology involving the development, application, and deployment of telecommunications services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties. The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone.
The feedback capacity is known as a closed-form expression only for several examples such as: the Trapdoor channel, [14] Ising channel, [15] [16] the binary erasure channel with a no-consecutive-ones input constraint, NOST channels. The basic mathematical model for a communication system is the following: Communication with feedback
Most 2G cellular systems, with the notable exception of IS-95, are based on TDMA. GSM, D-AMPS, PDC, iDEN, and PHS are examples of TDMA cellular systems.. In the GSM system, the synchronization of the mobile phones is achieved by sending timing advance commands from the base station which instruct the mobile phone to transmit earlier and by how much.