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A vacuum-tube computer, now termed a first-generation computer, is a computer that uses vacuum tubes for logic circuitry. While the history of mechanical aids to computation goes back centuries, if not millennia, the history of vacuum tube computers is confined to the middle of the 20th century. Lee De Forest invented the triode in 1906.
The Z3 was a German electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse in 1938, and completed in 1941. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. [ 3 ] The Z3 was built with 2,600 relays, implementing a 22- bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. [ 1 ]
In 1958, Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments invented the hybrid integrated circuit (hybrid IC), [1] which had external wire connections, making it difficult to mass-produce. [2] In 1959, Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor invented the monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip. [3] [2] It was made of silicon, whereas Kilby's chip was made of ...
ESA/390. z/Architecture. v. t. e. The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a family of mainframe computer systems announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, [1] and delivered between 1965 and 1978. [2] System/360 was the first family of computers designed to cover both commercial and scientific applications and a complete range of applications from small to large.
Vacuum-tube computers, now called first-generation computers, [ 1 ] are programmable digital computers using vacuum-tube logic circuitry. They were preceded by systems using electromechanical relays and followed by systems built from discrete transistors. Some later computers on the list had both vacuum tubes and transistors.
CSIRAC (/ ˈsaɪræk /; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Automatic Computer), originally known as CSIR Mk 1, was Australia 's first digital computer, and the fifth stored program computer in the world. [1] It is the oldest surviving first-generation electronic computer [2] (the Zuse Z4 at the Deutsches Museum is older, but was ...
IBM 7070 is a decimal-architecture intermediate data-processing system that was introduced by IBM in 1958. [1] It was part of the IBM 700/7000 series, and was based on discrete transistors rather than the vacuum tubes of the 1950s. It was the company's first transistorized stored-program computer. [2] The 7070 was expected to be a "common ...
The Kenbak-1, released in early 1971, is considered by the Computer History Museum to be the world's first personal computer. It was designed and invented by John Blankenbaker of Kenbak Corporation in 1970, and was first sold in early 1971. Unlike a modern personal computer, the Kenbak-1 was built of small-scale integrated circuits, and did not ...