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  2. Renal compensation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_compensation

    Renal compensation is a mechanism by which the kidneys can regulate the plasma pH. It is slower than respiratory compensation , but has a greater ability to restore normal values. Kidneys maintain the acid-base balance through two mechanisms: (1) the secretion of H + ions into the urine (from the blood) and (2) the reabsorption of bicarbonate ...

  3. Respiratory acidosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_acidosis

    Respiratory acidosis is a state in which decreased ventilation ... In renal compensation, plasma bicarbonate rises 3.5 mEq/L for each increase of 10 mm Hg in PaCO 2.

  4. Respiratory compensation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_compensation

    The amount of respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis can be estimated using Winters' formula. [2] Hyperventilation due to the compensation for metabolic acidosis persists for 24 to 48 hours after correction of the acidosis, and can lead to respiratory alkalosis. [3] This compensation process can occur within minutes. [4]

  5. Winters's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winters's_formula

    It is slower than the initial bicarbonate buffer system in the blood, but faster than renal compensation. Respiratory compensation usually begins within minutes to hours, but alone will not completely return arterial pH to a normal value (7.4). Winter's Formula quantifies the amount of respiratory compensation during metabolic acidosis. [8]

  6. Base excess - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_excess

    metabolic acidosis, or respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation if too low (less than −2 mEq/L) Blood pH is determined by both a metabolic component, measured by base excess, and a respiratory component, measured by PaCO 2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide). Often a disturbance in one triggers a partial compensation in the other.

  7. Kussmaul breathing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kussmaul_breathing

    Kussmaul breathing is respiratory compensation for a metabolic acidosis, most commonly occurring in diabetics in diabetic ketoacidosis.Blood gases of a patient with Kussmaul breathing will show a low partial pressure of CO 2 in conjunction with low bicarbonate because of a forced increased respiration (blowing off the carbon dioxide).

  8. Acidosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidosis

    Compensation occurs if respiratory acidosis is present, and a chronic phase is entered with partial buffering of the acidosis through renal bicarbonate retention. [ citation needed ] However, in cases where chronic illnesses that compromise pulmonary function persist, such as late-stage emphysema and certain types of muscular dystrophy ...

  9. Delta ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Ratio

    When this happens the numerator is large, the denominator is small, and the result is a delta ratio which is high (>2). This means a combined high anion gap metabolic acidosis and a pre-existing either respiratory acidosis or metabolic alkalosis (causing the high bicarbonate) – i.e. a mixed acid–base metabolic acidosis. [citation needed]