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Master's two-step test [7] was often used, but it was too strenuous for many patients, and inadequate for the assessment of respiratory and circulatory function during varying amounts of exercise. To address these problems, Bruce and his colleagues began to develop a cardiac stress test.
It is the reference standard for the assessment of cardiac structure and function, [6] and is valuable for diagnosis and surgical planning in complex congenital heart disease. [7] Combined with vasodilator stress, it has a role in detecting and characterizing myocardial ischemia due to disease affecting the epicardial vessels and microvasculature.
Impedance cardiography (ICG) is a non-invasive technology measuring total electrical conductivity of the thorax and its changes in time to process continuously a number of cardiodynamic parameters, such as stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), ventricular ejection time (VET), pre-ejection period and used to detect the impedance changes caused by a high-frequency, low ...
Coronary CT angiography (CTA or CCTA) is the use of computed tomography (CT) angiography to assess the coronary arteries of the heart.The patient receives an intravenous injection of radiocontrast and then the heart is scanned using a high speed CT scanner, allowing physicians to assess the extent of occlusion in the coronary arteries, usually in order to diagnose coronary artery disease.
He established guidelines in 1956 for the grouping of patients into New York Heart Association Functional Classification I through IV. [4] Bruce's early use of the treadmill for stress testing was a single-stage test at a fixed rate and fixed grade. [ 5 ]
The cardiac troponins T and I which are released within 4–6 hours of an attack of MI and remain elevated for up to 2 weeks, have nearly complete tissue specificity and are now the preferred markers for assessing myocardial damage. [14] Heart-type fatty acid binding protein is another marker, used in
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If progression of heart disease is suspected, a stress test will be performed; patients who develop symptoms or show evidence of ischemia in a stress test may undergo diagnostic cardiac re-catheterization. [35] Physical examinations play an important role after PCI-stenting procedures.