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  2. Box–Muller transform - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box–Muller_transform

    Suppose U 1 and U 2 are independent samples chosen from the uniform distribution on the unit interval (0, 1).Let = ⁡ = ⁡ ⁡ and = ⁡ = ⁡ ⁡ (). Then Z 0 and Z 1 are independent random variables with a standard normal distribution.

  3. Ziggurat algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat_algorithm

    The Ziggurat algorithm used to generate sample values with a normal distribution. (Only positive values are shown for simplicity.) The pink dots are initially uniform-distributed random numbers. The desired distribution function is first segmented into equal areas "A". One layer i is selected at random by the uniform source at the left.

  4. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    The simplest case of a normal distribution is known as the standard normal distribution or unit normal distribution. This is a special case when μ = 0 {\textstyle \mu =0} and σ 2 = 1 {\textstyle \sigma ^{2}=1} , and it is described by this probability density function (or density): φ ( z ) = e − z 2 2 2 π . {\displaystyle \varphi (z ...

  5. Marsaglia polar method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsaglia_polar_method

    The Marsaglia polar method [1] is a pseudo-random number sampling method for generating a pair of independent standard normal random variables. [2]Standard normal random variables are frequently used in computer science, computational statistics, and in particular, in applications of the Monte Carlo method.

  6. Inverse transform sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_transform_sampling

    Inverse transform sampling (also known as inversion sampling, the inverse probability integral transform, the inverse transformation method, or the Smirnov transform) is a basic method for pseudo-random number sampling, i.e., for generating sample numbers at random from any probability distribution given its cumulative distribution function.

  7. Johnson's SU-distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson's_SU-distribution

    Johnson's -distribution has been used successfully to model asset returns for portfolio management. [3] This comes as a superior alternative to using the Normal distribution to model asset returns. An R package, JSUparameters , was developed in 2021 to aid in the estimation of the parameters of the best-fitting Johnson's S U {\displaystyle S_{U ...

  8. Skew normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew_normal_distribution

    The exponentially modified normal distribution is another 3-parameter distribution that is a generalization of the normal distribution to skewed cases. The skew normal still has a normal-like tail in the direction of the skew, with a shorter tail in the other direction; that is, its density is asymptotically proportional to for some positive .

  9. Truncated normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_normal_distribution

    In probability and statistics, the truncated normal distribution is the probability distribution derived from that of a normally distributed random variable by bounding the random variable from either below or above (or both). The truncated normal distribution has wide applications in statistics and econometrics.