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In logic and mathematics, contraposition, or transposition, refers to the inference of going from a conditional statement into its logically equivalent contrapositive, and an associated proof method known as § Proof by contrapositive. The contrapositive of a statement has its antecedent and consequent inverted and flipped.
The transpose of a matrix A, denoted by A T, [3] ⊤ A, A ⊤, , [4] [5] A′, [6] A tr, t A or A t, may be constructed by any one of the following methods: Reflect A over its main diagonal (which runs from top-left to bottom-right) to obtain A T; Write the rows of A as the columns of A T; Write the columns of A as the rows of A T
Transposition (mathematics), a permutation which exchanges two elements and keeps all others fixed; Transposition, producing the transpose of a matrix A T, which is computed by swapping columns for rows in the matrix A; Transpose of a linear map; Transposition (logic), a rule of replacement in philosophical logic
In mathematics, the conjugate transpose, also known as the Hermitian transpose, of an complex matrix is an matrix obtained by transposing and applying complex conjugation to each entry (the complex conjugate of + being , for real numbers and ).
Note: solving for ′ returns the resultant angle in the first quadrant (< <). To find , one must refer to the original Cartesian coordinate, determine the quadrant in which lies (for example, (3,−3) [Cartesian] lies in QIV), then use the following to solve for :
[d] It also introduced the fundamental concept of "reduction" and "balancing" (which the term al-jabr originally referred to), the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, i.e. the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation. [e] The mathematics historian Victor J. Katz regards Al-Jabr as the first ...
In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex number is the number with an equal real part, and an imaginary part equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. That is, if a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are real numbers, then the complex conjugate of a + b i {\displaystyle a+bi} is a − b i . {\displaystyle a-bi.}
[2] [3] It was the first decimal check digit algorithm which detects all single-digit errors, and all transposition errors involving two adjacent digits, [4] which was at the time thought impossible with such a code. The method was independently discovered by H. Peter Gumm in 1985, this time including a formal proof and an extension to any base ...