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The parasites that cause schistosomiasis (bilharzia), especially S. haematobium, can cause bladder cancer and cancer at other sites. [60] Inflammation triggered by the worm's eggs appears to be the mechanism by which squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is caused. In Asia, infection by S. japonicum is associated with colorectal cancer. [60]
A transmissible cancer is a cancer cell or cluster of cancer cells that can be transferred between individuals without the involvement of an infectious agent, such as an oncovirus. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The evolution of transmissible cancer has occurred naturally in other animal species, but human cancer transmission is rare. [ 2 ]
The primary cause triggers an uncontrolled inflammatory response. [citation needed] Sepsis is the most common cause of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and may result in septic shock. In the absence of infection, a sepsis-like disorder is termed systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Both SIRS and sepsis could ultimately progress to ...
A major obstacle to the success of oncolytic viruses is the patient immune system which naturally attempts to deactivate any virus. This can be a particular problem for intravenous injection, where the virus must first survive interactions with the blood complement and neutralising antibodies. [42]
An oncovirus or oncogenic virus is a virus that can cause cancer. [4] This term originated from studies of acutely transforming retroviruses in the 1950–60s, [ 5 ] when the term oncornaviruses was used to denote their RNA virus origin. [ 6 ]
Ulceration can cause bleeding that can lead to symptoms such as coughing up blood (lung cancer), anemia or rectal bleeding (colon cancer), blood in the urine (bladder cancer), or abnormal vaginal bleeding (endometrial or cervical cancer). Although localized pain may occur in advanced cancer, the initial tumor is usually painless.
The infection-fighting processes turn on the body, causing the organs to work poorly. Sepsis may progress to septic shock . This is a dramatic drop in blood pressure that can damage the lungs ...
In other cases, the virus can cause systemic disease through a disseminated infection spread throughout the body. The predominant mode of viral dissemination occurs through the blood or lymphatic system , some of which include viruses responsible for chickenpox ( varicella zoster virus ), smallpox ( variola ), HIV ( human immunodeficiency virus ).