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  2. Credulity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credulity

    Credulity is a person's willingness or ability to believe that a statement is true, especially on minimal or uncertain evidence. [1] [2] Credulity is not necessarily a belief in something that may be false: the subject of the belief may even be correct, but a credulous person will believe it without good evidence.

  3. Affirmative defense - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_defense

    It can either be proved by clear and convincing evidence or by a preponderance of the evidence. In this respect, affirmative defenses differ from ordinary defenses [claim of right, alibi, infancy, necessity, and self-defense (which is an affirmative defense at common law)], which the prosecution has the burden of disproving beyond a reasonable ...

  4. Strong-basis-in-evidence standard - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong-basis-in-evidence...

    In United States law, City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. (1989) established the basic principle that a governmental actor must provide a strong basis in evidence for its conclusion that remedial action is necessary. The application of this rule has produced conflicting results. [1]

  5. Inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference

    Ref: Oxford English dictionary: "induction ... 3. Logic the inference of a general law from particular instances." [clarification needed]) The definition given thus applies only when the "conclusion" is general. Two possible definitions of "inference" are: A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.

  6. Evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence

    In law, evidence is information to establish or refute claims relevant to a case, such as testimony, documentary evidence, and physical evidence. [1] The relation between evidence and a supported statement can vary in strength, ranging from weak correlation to indisputable proof. Theories of the evidential relation examine the nature of this ...

  7. Evidentiality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidentiality

    In linguistics, evidentiality [1] [2] is, broadly, the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and if so, what kind. An evidential (also verificational or validational ) is the particular grammatical element ( affix , clitic , or particle ) that indicates evidentiality.

  8. Definitions of knowledge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_knowledge

    [1] [6] A version of this definition was considered and rejected by Socrates in Plato's Theaetetus. [23] [24] Today, there is wide, though not universal, agreement among analytic philosophers that the first two criteria are correct, i.e., that knowledge implies true belief. Most of the controversy concerns the role of justification: what it is ...

  9. Empirical evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence

    A thing is evidence for a proposition if it epistemically supports this proposition or indicates that the supported proposition is true. Evidence is empirical if it is constituted by or accessible to sensory experience. There are various competing theories about the exact definition of the terms evidence and empirical. Different fields, like ...