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Figure 1. Finding the shortest path in a graph using optimal substructure; a straight line indicates a single edge; a wavy line indicates a shortest path between the two vertices it connects (among other paths, not shown, sharing the same two vertices); the bold line is the overall shortest path from start to goal.
‘If’ gives the program a conditional split of tasks, where a set of skeleton code is split into two main sections. A conditional statement is given to the program, therefore giving it a specified algorithm to follow. ‘For’ operates a task a number of times, both specified by the programmer, allowing for a more efficient set of code.
Abstraction may be exact or faithful with respect to a property if one can answer a question about the property equally well on the concrete or abstract model. For instance, if one wishes to know what the result of the evaluation of a mathematical expression involving only integers +, -, ×, is worth modulo n , then one needs only perform all ...
[1] Many languages that apply this style attempt to minimize or eliminate side effects by describing what the program must accomplish in terms of the problem domain, rather than describing how to accomplish it as a sequence of the programming language primitives [2] (the how being left up to the language's implementation).
Python 2.5 implements better support for coroutine-like functionality, based on extended generators ; Python 3.3 improves this ability, by supporting delegating to a subgenerator ; Python 3.4 introduces a comprehensive asynchronous I/O framework as standardized in PEP 3156, which includes coroutines that leverage subgenerator delegation
Divide-and-conquer approach to sort the list (38, 27, 43, 3, 9, 82, 10) in increasing order. Upper half: splitting into sublists; mid: a one-element list is trivially sorted; lower half: composing sorted sublists. The divide-and-conquer paradigm is often used to find an optimal solution of a problem.
Refactoring is usually motivated by noticing a code smell. [2] For example, the method at hand may be very long, or it may be a near duplicate of another nearby method. Once recognized, such problems can be addressed by refactoring the source code, or transforming it into a new form that behaves the same as before but that no longer "smells".
In Python 3.x the range() function [28] returns a generator which computes elements of the list on demand. Elements are only generated when they are needed (e.g., when print(r[3]) is evaluated in the following example), so this is an example of lazy or deferred evaluation: >>>