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The micrometer-scale setae branch into nanometer-scale projections called spatulae. [6] A Tokay gecko's two front feet can sustain 20.1 N of force parallel to the surface using approximately 14,400 setae per mm 2. This equates to ~ 6.2 pN per seta, but does not sufficiently account for the overall stickiness behavior shown by the foot pads. [7]
Preening brush: a dense cluster of setae near the ventral tip of the posterior metatarsi; called a preening comb when present as a transverse row of setae. [22] Procurved: Used to describe a structure which is curved in such a way that the outer edges are in front of the central part; [22] opposite recurved
Synthetic setae emulate the setae found on the toes of a gecko and scientific research in this area is driven towards the development of dry adhesives. Geckos have no difficulty mastering vertical walls and are apparently capable of adhering themselves to just about any surface.
Spiders that spin webs typically have three claws, the middle one being small; hunting spiders typically have only two claws. Since they do not have antennae, spiders use specialised and sensitive setae on their legs to pick up scent, sounds, vibrations and air currents. [6] Some spiders, such as the Australian crab spider, do not have claws.
In some species, the setae are hollow, connecting to venom-producing cells, like a hypodermic needle. Generally, setae are only externally irritating, but may be more dangerous if contact is made with mucous membranes or if ingested; some can cause severe skin necrosis, eczema-like symptoms and shedding.
Filter feeding crustaceans have setae on modified appendages that act as filters. Filter feeding may have developed in association with swimming, with early morphological adaptations occurring on the appendages of the body trunk. Subsequent adaptations appear to have favored forward filtering appendages.
Scopulae, or scopula pads, are dense tufts of hair at the end of a spiders's legs.They are found mostly on hunting spiders, for example Salticidae and Sparassidae.Scopulae consist of microscopic hairs, known as setae, which are each covered in even smaller hairs called setules or "end feet", resulting in a large contact area.
The interactions between the gecko's feet and the climbing surface are stronger than simple surface area effects. On its feet, the gecko has many microscopic hairs, or setae (singular seta), that increase the Van der Waals forces - the distance-dependent attraction between atoms or molecules - between its feet and the surface.