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Triplet oxygen, 3 O 2, refers to the S = 1 electronic ground state of molecular oxygen (dioxygen). Molecules of triplet oxygen contain two unpaired electrons, making triplet oxygen an unusual example of a stable and commonly encountered diradical: [2] it is more stable as a triplet than a singlet.
In a triplet state the excited electron is no longer paired with the ground state electron; that is, they are parallel (same spin). Since excitation to a triplet state involves an additional "forbidden" spin transition, it is less probable that a triplet state will form when the molecule absorbs radiation. Singlet and triplet energy levels.
The ground state of O 2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kJ/mol. [3] It is a colourless gas with a boiling point of −183 °C (90 K; −297 °F). [4] It can be condensed from air by cooling with liquid nitrogen, which has a boiling point of −196 °C (77 K; −321 °F).
Hence, the ground state of the O 2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen. [35] [b] The highest-energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two. Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins ...
The ground state of a quantum-mechanical system is its stationary state of lowest energy; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system. An excited state is any state with energy greater than the ground state. In quantum field theory, the ground state is usually called the vacuum state or the vacuum. If more ...
When S > L there are only 2L+1 orientations of total angular momentum possible, ranging from S+L to S-L. [2] [3] The ground state of the nitrogen atom is a 4 S state, for which 2S + 1 = 4 in a quartet state, S = 3/2 due to three unpaired electrons. For an S state, L = 0 so that J can only be 3/2 and there is only one level even though the ...
This state is referred to by the title term, singlet oxygen, commonly abbreviated 1 O 2, to distinguish it from the triplet ground state molecule, 3 O 2. [2] [3] Molecular orbital theory predicts the electronic ground state denoted by the molecular term symbol 3 Σ – g, and two low-lying excited singlet states with term symbols 1 Δ g and 1 ...
For a molecule that contains only a single electron (e.g. atomic hydrogen or H 2 +), an orbital is exactly the same as a total stationary state of the molecule. However, for a many-electron molecule, an orbital is completely different from a total stationary state, which is a many-particle state requiring a more complicated description (such as ...