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Saltwater may have a pH of 7.8 or higher, so to reduce the pH carbon dioxide (CO 2) is used. The reaction formula is: CaCO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 Ca 2+ + 2 HCO 3 −. Inside the reaction chamber, a calcium rich media , mainly CaCO 3, is forced into contact with water injected with carbon dioxide (CO 2) in order to create carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3).
In aqueous solution, ammonia deprotonates a small fraction of the water to give ammonium and hydroxide according to the following equilibrium: . NH 3 + H 2 O ⇌ NH + 4 + OH −.. In a 1 M ammonia solution, about 0.42% of the ammonia is converted to ammonium, equivalent to pH = 11.63 because [NH +
The liquid fish hydrolysate process minces the whole fish, then enzymatically digests, then grinds and liquifies the resulting product, known as gurry. Because it is a cold process, gurry putrefies more rapidly than fish emulsion and needs to be stabilized at a lower pH, requiring more acid.
Buffer capacity falls to 33% of the maximum value at pH = pK a ± 1, to 10% at pH = pK a ± 1.5 and to 1% at pH = pK a ± 2. For this reason the most useful range is approximately pK a ± 1. When choosing a buffer for use at a specific pH, it should have a pK a value as close as possible to that pH. [2]
The tables below present an example of an artificial seawater (35.00‰ of salinity) preparation devised by Kester, Duedall, Connors and Pytkowicz (1967). [1] The recipe consists of two lists of mineral salts, the first of anhydrous salts that can be weighed out, the second of hydrous salts that should be added to the artificial seawater as a solution.
In fishkeeping, a refugium is an appendage to a marine, brackish, or freshwater fish tank that shares the same water supply. It is a separate sump , connected to the main show tank. [ 1 ] It is a " refugium " in the sense that it permits organisms to be maintained that would not survive in the main system, whether food animals, anaerobic ...
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