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Protostomes evolved into over a million species alive today, compared to ca. 73,000 deuterostome species. [6] Protostomes are divided into the Ecdysozoa (e.g. arthropods, nematodes) and the Spiralia (e.g. molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths, and rotifers). A modern consensus phylogenetic tree for the protostomes is shown below.
Chaetognatha appears close to the base of the protostome tree in most studies of their molecular phylogeny. [35] This may explain their deuterostome embryonic characters. If chaetognaths branched off from the protostomes before they evolved their distinctive protostome embryonic characters, they might have retained deuterostome characters ...
The Spiralia are a morphologically diverse clade of protostome animals, including within their number the molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths and other taxa. [4] The term Spiralia is applied to those phyla that exhibit canonical spiral cleavage, a pattern of early development found in most members of the Lophotrochozoa.
This clade, that is, a group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants, was formally named by Aguinaldo et al. in 1997, based mainly on phylogenetic trees constructed using 18S ribosomal RNA genes. [10] A large study in 2008 by Dunn et al. strongly supported the monophyly of Ecdysozoa. [11]
Gnathifera is a member of Spiralia. It is the sister taxon of a clade comprising all other spiralians. [1] [19] An alternative phylogeny place Gnathifera into a main spiralian clade Platyzoa s.l. as sister clade to Mesozoa and Platyhelminthes. [21]
Lophotrochozoa (/ l ə ˌ f ɒ t r oʊ k oʊ ˈ z oʊ ə /, "crest/wheel animals") is a clade of protostome animals within the Spiralia. The taxon was established as a monophyletic group based on molecular evidence. [2] [3] The clade includes animals like annelids, molluscs, bryozoans, and brachiopods. [4]
The tree produces spiky green fruits about the size of a golf ball, which turn brown and drop off the tree over an extended period beginning in fall and continuing over the winter.
Protostome stubs (13 C, 130 P) Pages in category "Protostomes" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...