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Some effects of alcohol intoxication, such as euphoria and lowered social inhibition, are central to alcohol's desirability. [21] As drinking increases, people become sleepy or fall into a stupor. At very high blood alcohol concentrations, for example above 0.3%, the respiratory system becomes depressed and the person may stop breathing. [22]
Despite the bactericidal effects of ethanol, acidifying effects of fermentation, and low oxygen conditions of industrial alcohol production, bacteria that undergo lactic acid fermentation can contaminate such facilities because lactic acid has a low pKa of 3.86 to avoid decoupling the pH membrane gradient that supports regulated transport.
Alcohol dehydrogenase instead enzymatically converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, a less toxic organic molecule. [ 15 ] [ 20 ] Additional treatment may include sodium bicarbonate for metabolic acidosis, and hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration to remove methanol and formate from the blood. [ 15 ]
One study looked at long-term data on twins to understand how alcohol misuse in teen years could affect health later. The study finds a weak direct effect two decades later, with indirect effects ...
If you or someone you know is struggling with alcohol dependence, misuse or addiction, contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline at 800-662 ...
People under 25 and women may process alcohol more slowly. [105] Food such as fructose can increase the rate of alcohol metabolism. The effect can vary significantly from person to person, but a 100 g dose of fructose has been shown to increase alcohol metabolism by an average of 80%.
If you have an inherited intolerance to alcohol, a mutated gene could be the culprit. An at-home DNA test could detect whether you have the mutation, but doctors say there could be some drawbacks.
The causes of alcohol abuse tend to be peer pressure, fraternity or sorority involvement, and stress. College students who abuse alcohol can suffer from health concerns, poor academic performance or legal consequences. Prevention and treatment include campus counseling, stronger enforcement of underage drinking or changing the campus culture.