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China perceived Vietnam's domination over Indochina from Vietnam's historical legacy whilst Vietnam desired Vietnamese-friendly neighbors (Laos and Cambodia) bordering its immediate western borders. Cross-border raids and skirmishes ensued, in which China and Vietnam fought a prolonged border war from 1979 to 1990.
China took over Paracel Islands from South Vietnam; South Vietnam is annexed by North Vietnam; Breakdown in Sino-Vietnamese relations leading to the Sino-Vietnamese War; Sino-Vietnamese War (1979) China Vietnam: Status quo antebellum, both sides claim victory. Chinese withdrawal from Vietnam; Continued Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia until 1989
China backed away from support of North Vietnam in the Vietnam War. [dubious – discuss] In late 1978, China became concerned over Vietnam's efforts to establish open control over Laos and Cambodia. In response to the Soviet-backed Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, China fought an inconclusive border war with Vietnam (February–March 1979). [311]
The Vietnam War was a major event that shaped the course of the world in the second half of the 20th century. Although it was a regional conflict that occurred on the Indochinese Peninsula, it also affected the strategic interests of the People's Republic of China, the United States and the Soviet Union as well as the relations between these great powers.
"Old ghosts, new memories: China's changing war history in the era of post-Mao politics." Journal of Contemporary History 38.1 (2003): 117–131. Ryan, Mark A., David Michael Finkelstein, and Michael A. McDevitt. Chinese Warfighting: the PLA experience since 1949 (ME Sharpe, 2003). Swope, Kenneth, ed. Warfare in China since 1600 (Routledge, 2017).
Path, Kosal. "China's Economic Sanctions against Vietnam, 1975–1978." China Quarterly 212 (2012): 1040-1058 online Archived 2020-07-15 at the Wayback Machine. Path, Kosal. "The Sino-Vietnamese Dispute over Territorial Claims, 1974-1978: Vietnamese Nationalism and its Consequences." International Journal of Asian Studies 8.2 (2011): 189+ online.
There was an adjustment of the land border, resulting in Vietnam giving China part of its land which was lost during the battle, including the Ai Nam Quan Gate which served as the traditional border marker and entry point between Vietnam and China, which caused widespread frustration within Vietnamese communities.
At its foundation, the American O/B controversy derived from the appraisal by analysts of a foreign enemy's ability to field combatants. Its wider effect involved a host of issues: the entire war in Southeast Asia and domestic public opinion, the politics of military intelligence and the utility of combat/support formations, presidential electioneering confronting an intelligence estimate ...