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  2. Chirograph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirograph

    A chirograph is a medieval document, which has been written in duplicate, triplicate or very occasionally quadruplicate (four copies) on a single piece of parchment, with the Latin word chirographum (occasionally replaced by some other term) written across the middle, and then cut through to separate the parts.

  3. Feet of fines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feet_of_fines

    A specimen of a fine from 1303, including both parties' chirographs and the foot of the fine at the bottom A foot of fine (plural, feet of fines; Latin: pes finis; plural, pedes finium) is the archival copy of the agreement between two parties in an English lawsuit over land, most commonly the fictitious suit (in reality a conveyance) known as a fine of lands or final concord.

  4. Chirography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirography

    As both Mesopotamians and Egyptians began to regard writing as an indicator of one's privilege/rank in societal hierarchy, instructors of the times were given rein to develop drilling (reading/identification, and so on) and memorisation techniques still in operation in modern language instruction.

  5. Anglo-Saxon charters - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_charters

    The term charter covers a range of written legal documentation, including diplomas, writs and wills. [1] A diploma was a royal charter that granted rights over land or other privileges by the king, whereas a writ was an instruction (or prohibition) by the king which may have contained evidence of rights or privileges.

  6. Fine of lands - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_of_lands

    Final concord (two parts) between William Shakespeare and Hercules Underhill, confirming Shakespeare's title to New Place, Stratford-upon-Avon, Michaelmas 1602. A fine of lands, also called a final concord, or simply a fine, was a species of property conveyance which existed in England (and later in Wales) from at least the 12th century until its abolition in 1833 by the Fines and Recoveries Act.

  7. Glossary of history - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_history

    Also eon. age Age of Discovery Also called the Age of Exploration. The time period between approximately the late 15th century and the 17th century during which seafarers from various European polities traveled to, explored, and charted regions across the globe which had previously been unknown or unfamiliar to Europeans and, more broadly, during which previously isolated human populations ...

  8. Institute for the Works of Religion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of...

    In August 2019, the IOR was re-structured by a chirograph of Pope Francis, which established the IOR's present Statutes. According to Article 4 of the Chirograph, the Institute consists of four bodies: A Supervisory Commission of Cardinals, a Board of Superintendence, a Prelate and a Directorate.

  9. Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for...

    Pope Francis's chirograph for the Institution of a Pontifical Commission for the Protection of minors (22 March 2014) states: [2]. The aim of the Commission is to promote the protection of the dignity of minors and vulnerable adults, using the forms and methods, consonant with the nature of the Church, which they consider most appropriate, as well as through their cooperation with individuals ...