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2. List of instruments used in ophthalmology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_instruments_used...

   Refraction box: has lenses of different powers for refraction testing: Slit lamp bio microscope: used for examining the anteriorly placed structures the eye; video link: Charts for vision - •Distant vision: to determine visual acuity of distant vision ••Snellen's distant vision chart-do-; for those who can read in English ••Regional ...

3. Refractive error - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_error

   In order to see a clear image, the eye must focus rays of light on to the light-sensing part of the eye – the retina, which is located in the back of the eye. This focusing – called refraction – is performed mainly by the cornea and the lens, which are located at the front of the eye, the anterior segment. [28]

4. Pinhole occluder - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhole_occluder

   Because light passes only through the center of the eye's lens, defects in the shape of the lens (errors of refraction) have no effect while the occluder is used. In this way, the ophthalmologist, orthoptist or optometrist can estimate the maximum improvement in a patient's vision that can be attained by lenses to correct errors of refraction. [2]

5. Intraocular lens - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraocular_lens

   An intraocular lens (IOL) is a lens implanted in the eye usually as part of a treatment for cataracts or for correcting other vision problems such as short sightedness and long sightedness; a form of refractive surgery. If the natural lens is left in the eye, the IOL is known as phakic, otherwise it is a pseudophakic lens (or false

6. Phoropter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoropter

   This was a device produced in Camden, New Jersey, which contained a battery of convex lenses for each eye, a battery of concave lenses for each eye, and auxiliary lenses which gave it a total power range of +15.75 to -19.75, as well as a Maddox rod and Risley prism for each eye, and a Steven's phorometer.

7. Refractive surgery - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_surgery

   Phakic intraocular lens implantation inside the eye can also be used to change refractive errors. The newest type of intervention is a type of PIOL called the implantable collamer lens which uses a biocompatible flexible lens which can be inserted in the eye via a 3 mm incision. The ICL is used to correct myopia ranging from −0.5 to −18 ...