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Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the hypothetical ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method. Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300 and 800 BC, after which it began ...
The Celtic languages (/ ˈ k ɛ l t ɪ k / KEL-tik) are a branch of the Indo-European language family, descended from Proto-Celtic. [1] The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, [ 2 ] following Paul-Yves Pezron , who made the explicit link between the Celts described by classical writers and the ...
In both groups, this is a relatively late development of the proto-languages, possibly dating to the time of Italo-Celtic language contact. the assimilation of *p to a following *kʷ. [13] This development obviously predates the Celtic loss of *p: PIE *pekʷ- 'cook' → Latin coquere; Welsh pobi (Welsh p is from Proto-Celtic *kʷ)
Below is a partial list of proto-languages that have been reconstructed, ... Proto-Celtic. Common Brittonic; Proto-Germanic. Proto-Norse; Proto-Italic. Proto-Romance.
Common Brittonic (Welsh: Brythoneg; Cornish: Brythonek; Breton: Predeneg), also known as British, Common Brythonic, or Proto-Brittonic, [4] [5] is a Celtic language historically spoken in Britain and Brittany from which evolved the later and modern Brittonic languages.
The hypothesis that the languages spoken in Gaul and Great Britain (Gaulish and the Brittonic languages) descended from a common ancestor, separate from the Celtic languages of Ireland, Spain, and Italy, is based on a number of linguistic innovations, principally the evolution of Proto-Celtic * /kʷ/ into /p/ (thus the name "P-Celtic").
The German philologist Sabine Ziegler, however, drawing parallels with reconstructions of the Proto-Celtic language's morphology (whose nouns are classified according to the vowels that characterize their endings), limited the archaic Irish endings of the singular genitive case to -I, -AS, -OS and -AIS. [18]
Similarly, a cognate from another Anatolian language (e.g. Luvian, Lycian) may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Hittite. For Tocharian, both the Tocharian A and Tocharian B cognates are given whenever possible. For the Celtic languages, both Old Irish and Welsh cognates are given when possible.