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The glenoid fossa of the scapula or the glenoid cavity is a bone part of the shoulder. The word glenoid is pronounced / ˈ ɡ l iː n ɔɪ d / or / ˈ ɡ l ɛ n ɔɪ d / (both are common) and is from Greek : gléne , "socket", reflecting the shoulder joint's ball-and-socket form. [ 1 ]
The glenoid fossa allows for forward and backward movement of the mandible while the temporalis muscle, masseter, tongue and throat musculature may have all contributed to moving the lower jaw back. The pterygoid muscles would have been responsible for forward movement.
The glenoid fossa has a circular shape and is approximately perpendicular to the body of the scapula. [15] Sudre described a distal part of a right humerus of D. minor in 1974, mentioning that it is at least somewhat analogous to those of D. quercyi and E. filholi.
Compared to equids, the scapula, while similar, is more triangular while its glenoid fossa is deeper and more rounded. [14] The humerus' head articulates with the glenoid cavity of a scapula while its lower end connects with the forearm's bones. The head is slightly oblique, making it more similar to those of rhinoceroses than those of tapirs.
These features include a large interorbital breadth, a relatively flat superciliary arches, a prominent occipital bun, an asymmetrical and shallow mandibular notch shape, a high mandibular coronoid processus, the relative perpendicular mandibular condyle to notch crest position, and a narrow scapular glenoid fossa. [56]
The narrowest point of the scapular blade is towards the head of the glenoid fossa. The ventral edge of the scapula lacks a distinct enthesis, which may also represent an ontogenetic trait. The glenoid fossa has an oval outline and is large. The humerus is short, with a large deltopectoral crest. The proximal end of the femur has a width that ...
Both this feature and the size of the glenoid fossa are more similar to polar bears than lions or tigers. The humerus is also similar to that of Ursus , as well as Amphicyon , but it lacked the deep olecranon fossa , and the associated secure locking of the ulna in the fossa, which prevents lateral bending of the elbow joint, making the ...
The acromion process of the scapula is positioned directly above the glenoid fossa and projects exactly upright to the side surfaces of the scapular blade. The scapular blade has a distinct surface on the ventral surface that would have supported the muscle M. triceps longus caudalis.