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Impossible object: A type of optical illusion. Invalid proof: An apparently correct mathematical derivation that leads to an obvious contradiction. Logical fallacy: A misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning in argumentation. Paradox gun: A gun that has characteristics of both (smoothbore) shotguns and rifles.
Paradox illusions (or impossible object illusions) are generated by objects that are paradoxical or impossible, such as the Penrose triangle or impossible staircase seen, for example, in M. C. Escher's Ascending and Descending and Waterfall. The triangle is an illusion dependent on a cognitive misunderstanding that adjacent edges must join.
A prominent work in this regard is The Rules of the Sociological Method, in which Emile Durkheim suggested the dictum, "The first and most basic rule is to consider social facts as things." [2] This has led researchers to investigate the social and cultural contingencies of how "objects" cognitively become objects. [1]
Although statements can be self referential without being paradoxical ("This statement is written in English" is a true and non-paradoxical self-referential statement), self-reference is a common element of paradoxes. One example occurs in the liar paradox, which is commonly formulated as the self-referential statement "This statement is false ...
The Tocqueville effect (also known as the Tocqueville paradox) [1] is the phenomenon in which, as social conditions and opportunities improve, social frustration grows more quickly. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Definition
Blivet illusion, another impossible figure based on figure-ground confusion. The image is widely reproduced and discussed. Brad Honeycutt, author of Exceptional Eye Tricks, calls the Shepard elephant "one of the most famous and classic optical illusions."
The friendship paradox is the phenomenon first observed by the sociologist Scott L. Feld in 1991 that on average, an individual's friends have more friends than that individual. [1] It can be explained as a form of sampling bias in which people with more friends are more likely to be in one's own friend group.
The illusion that a phenomenon one has noticed only recently is itself recent. Often used to refer to linguistic phenomena; the illusion that a word or language usage that one has noticed only recently is an innovation when it is, in fact, long-established (see also frequency illusion).