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Nuclides commonly used as neutron detector materials are helium-3, lithium-6, boron-10 and uranium-235. [9] The detector material is surrounded by a moderator which reduces the kinetic energy of the neutron (slowing down the neutron).
For this initial test with about 1 mg of helium gas injected into the evacuated plasma vessel, microwave heating was applied for a short 1.3 MW pulse. [ 25 ] The aim for the OP 1.1 was to conduct integrated testing of the most important systems as quickly as possible and to gain first experience with the physics of the machine.
Helium is used as a tracer because it penetrates small leaks rapidly. Helium also has the properties of being non-toxic, chemically inert and present in the atmosphere only in minute quantities (5 ppm). Typically a helium leak detector will be used to measure leaks in the range of 10 −5 to 10 −12 Pa·m 3 ·s −1.
Thus, TIMS devices do neither require large size nor high voltage in order to achieve high resolution, for instance achieving over 250 resolving power from a 4.7 cm device through the use of extended separation times. [25] However, the resolving power strongly depends on the ion mobility and decreases for more mobile ions.
Other methods, e.g. the He-Ar laser, can use the He(n,p)H reaction, the transmutation of helium-3 in a neutron flux, as the energy source, or employing the energy of the alpha particles. This technology may achieve high excitation rates with small laser volumes. Some example lasing media: carbon dioxide; 3 helium-argon; 3 helium-krypton; 3 ...
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The amount of He in the spirometer is known at the beginning of the test (concentration × volume = amount). The patient is then asked to breathe (normal breaths) in the mixture starting from FRC (functional residual capacity), which is the gas volume in the lung after a normal breath out. The spirometer measures helium concentration.
Ivy Mike was the codename given to the first full-scale [note 1] test of a thermonuclear device, in which a significant fraction of the explosive yield comes from nuclear fusion. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Ivy Mike was detonated on November 1, 1952, by the United States on the island of Elugelab in Enewetak Atoll , in the now independent island nation ...