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In materials science, a thermosetting polymer, often called a thermoset, is a polymer that is obtained by irreversibly hardening ("curing") a soft solid or viscous liquid prepolymer . [1] Curing is induced by heat or suitable radiation and may be promoted by high pressure or mixing with a catalyst .
In this state, thermoplastics may be reshaped, and are typically used to produce parts by various polymer processing techniques such as injection molding, compression molding, calendering, and extrusion. [3] [4] Thermoplastics differ from thermosetting polymers (or "thermosets"), which form irreversible chemical bonds during the curing process ...
Thermoset plastics and thermoplastics together constitute the two major components of synthetic plastics. Thermosetting plastics are divided into two types: formaldehyde cross-linking type and other cross-linking type. Thermosets includes phenolic resins, polyesters and epoxy resins, all of which are used widely in composite materials when ...
Most polymers, sometimes referred to as resins, may be used, including all thermoplastics, some thermosets, and some elastomers. [13] Since 1995, the total number of available materials for injection moulding has increased at a rate of 750 per year; there were approximately 18,000 materials available when that trend began. [14]
The phenolic units are mainly linked by methylene and/or ether groups. The molecular weights are in the low thousands, corresponding to about 10–20 phenol units. Obtained polymer is thermoplastic and require a curing agent or hardener to form a thermoset. Hexamethylenetetramine is a hardener added to crosslink novolac. At a temperature ...
A thermoset polymer matrix is a synthetic polymer reinforcement where polymers act as binder or matrix to secure in place incorporated particulates, fibres or other reinforcements. They were first developed for structural applications, [ 1 ] such as glass-reinforced plastic radar domes on aircraft and graphite - epoxy payload bay doors on the ...
The continuous service temperature of high-performance plastics is generally stated as being higher than 150 °C, [12] whereas engineering plastics (such as polyamide or polycarbonate) are often defined as thermoplastics that retain their properties above 100 °C. [13] Commodity plastics (such as polyethylene or polypropylene) have in this ...
Vitrimers are a class of plastics, which are derived from thermosetting polymers (thermosets) and are very similar to them. Vitrimers consist of molecular, covalent networks, which can change their topology by thermally activated bond-exchange reactions.
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