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A sculpture representing Ethos outside the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly in Canberra, Australia. Ethos (/ ˈ iː θ ɒ s / or US: / ˈ iː θ oʊ s /) is a Greek word meaning 'character' that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology; and the balance between caution and passion. [1]
Political ethics (also known as political morality or public ethics) is the practice of making moral judgments about political action and political agents. [1] It covers two areas: the ethics of process (or the ethics of office), which covers public officials and their methods, [2] [3] and the ethics of policy (or ethics and public policy), which concerns judgments surrounding policies and laws.
An argument is a claim made to support or encourage an audience towards believing in a certain idea. In ordinary life, it also refers to a discussion between people representing two (or more) disagreeing sides of an issue. It is often conducted orally, and a formal oral argument between two sides is a debate. [20]
Aristotle stated that the arguments accessible for any given subject are contingent upon the unique circumstances of the rhetorical situation, [4] while Lloyd Bitzer contended that the availability of arguments is shaped by the intricate relationships between the author, audience, context, and purpose of the discourse. [5]
For example, if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be "I am a British citizen" (1). Ground (Fact, Evidence, Data) A fact one appeals to as a foundation for the claim. For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data "I was born in Bermuda" (2). Warrant
Syllogism – a type of valid argument that states if the first two claims are true, then the conclusion is true. (For example: Claim 1: People are mortal. Claim 2: Bob is a person. Therefore, Claim 3: Bob is mortal.) Coined by Aristotle. Symbol – a visual or metaphorical representation of an idea or concept.
Any argument claims to prove something. In the case of arguments used in politics, this something is an assertion about an element of the public sphere, such as economic policy, the environment, decisions about war and peace, abortion, etc. An argument cannot start from purely logical principles.
The argument he develops here is accordingly widely known as "the function argument," and is among the most-discussed arguments made by any ancient philosopher. [13] He argues that while humans undergo nutrition and growth, so do other living things, and while humans are capable of perception, this is shared with animals ( NE I.1098b22-1098a15).