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2. Washout (aeronautics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washout_(aeronautics)

   (This can be described as aerodynamic wash-in.) Winglets also promote a greater bending moment at the wing root, possibly necessitating a heavier wing structure. Installation of winglets may necessitate greater aerodynamic washout in order to provide the required resistance to spinning, or to optimise the spanwise lift distribution.

3. Lift-to-drag ratio - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio

   In aerodynamics, the lift-to-drag ratio (or L/D ratio) is the lift generated by an aerodynamic body such as an aerofoil or aircraft, divided by the aerodynamic drag caused by moving through air. It describes the aerodynamic efficiency under given flight conditions. The L/D ratio for any given body will vary according to these flight conditions.

4. Oswald efficiency number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_efficiency_number

   For conventional fixed-wing aircraft with moderate aspect ratio and sweep, Oswald efficiency number with wing flaps retracted is typically between 0.7 and 0.85. At supersonic speeds, Oswald efficiency number decreases substantially. For example, at Mach 1.2 Oswald efficiency number is likely to be between 0.3 and 0.5. [1]

5. Glossary of aerospace engineering - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace...

   Thus, a long, narrow wing has a high aspect ratio, whereas a short, wide wing has a low aspect ratio. [23] Aspect ratio and other features of the planform are often used to predict the aerodynamic efficiency of a wing because the lift-to-drag ratio increases with aspect ratio, improving fuel economy in aircraft.

6. Aspect ratio (aeronautics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)

   Thus, a long, narrow wing has a high aspect ratio, whereas a short, wide wing has a low aspect ratio. [ 1 ] Aspect ratio and other features of the planform are often used to predict the aerodynamic efficiency of a wing because the lift-to-drag ratio increases with aspect ratio, improving the fuel economy in powered airplanes and the gliding ...

7. Lifting-line theory - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting-line_theory

   The Lanchester-Prandtl lifting-line theory [1] is a mathematical model in aerodynamics that predicts lift distribution over a three-dimensional wing from the wing's geometry. [2] The theory was expressed independently [3] by Frederick W. Lanchester in 1907, [4] and by Ludwig Prandtl in 1918–1919 [5] after working with Albert Betz and Max Munk ...