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The first excited state has both HOMO electrons paired in one orbital with opposite spins, and is known as singlet oxygen. MO diagram of dioxygen triplet ground state. The bond order decreases and the bond length increases in the order O + 2 (112.2 pm), O 2 (121 pm), O − 2 (128 pm) and O 2− 2 (149 pm). [20]
In an isolated atom, the orbital electrons' location is determined by functions called atomic orbitals. When multiple atoms combine chemically into a molecule by forming a valence chemical bond, the electrons' locations are determined by the molecule as a whole, so the atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals. The electrons from the ...
The 3c-4e bond is described as three molecular orbitals given by the combination of a p atomic orbital on the central atom and an atomic orbital from each of the two ligands on opposite sides of the central atom. Only one of the two pairs of electrons is occupying a molecular orbital that involves bonding to the central atom, the second pair ...
Ionic bonding is common between pairs of atoms, where one of the pair is a metal of low electronegativity (such as sodium) and the second a nonmetal of high electronegativity (such as chlorine). A chlorine atom has seven electrons in its third and outer electron shell, the first and second shells being filled with two and eight electrons ...
Date/Time Thumbnail Dimensions User Comment; current: 22:16, 7 January 2015: 430 × 648 (58 KB): Rjlanc: defining z as bond direction with x and y for pi orbitals
Orbital diagram, after Barrett (2002), [33] showing the participating atomic orbitals from each oxygen atom, the molecular orbitals that result from their overlap, and the aufbau filling of the orbitals with the 12 electrons, 6 from each O atom, beginning from the lowest-energy orbitals, and resulting in covalent double-bond character from ...
The first dictates that no two electrons in an atom may have the same set of values of quantum numbers (this is the Pauli exclusion principle). These quantum numbers include the three that define orbitals, as well as the spin magnetic quantum number m s. Thus, two electrons may occupy a single orbital, so long as they have different values of m s.
The seventh lone pair must be placed on the nitrogen atom. Satisfy the octet rule. Both oxygen atoms currently have 8 electrons assigned to them. The nitrogen atom has only 6 electrons assigned to it. One of the lone pairs on an oxygen atom must form a double bond, but either atom will work equally well. Therefore, there is a resonance structure.