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  2. London dispersion force - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_dispersion_force

    Interaction energy of an argon dimer.The long-range section is due to London dispersion forces. London dispersion forces (LDF, also known as dispersion forces, London forces, instantaneous dipoleinduced dipole forces, fluctuating induced dipole bonds [1] or loosely as van der Waals forces) are a type of intermolecular force acting between atoms and molecules that are normally electrically ...

  3. Dipole - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole

    The size of the induced dipole moment is equal to the product of the strength of the external field and the dipole polarizability of ρ. Dipole moment values can be obtained from measurement of the dielectric constant. Some typical gas phase values given with the unit debye are: [7] carbon dioxide: 0; carbon monoxide: 0.112 D; ozone: 0.53 D

  4. Van der Waals force - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force

    The van der Waals forces [4] are usually described as a combination of the London dispersion forces between "instantaneously induced dipoles", [5] Debye forces between permanent dipoles and induced dipoles, and the Keesom force between permanent molecular dipoles whose rotational orientations are dynamically averaged over time.

  5. Axilrod–Teller potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axilrod–Teller_potential

    The Axilrod–Teller potential in molecular physics, is a three-body potential that results from a third-order perturbation correction to the attractive London dispersion interactions (instantaneous induced dipole-induced dipole)

  6. Polarizability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizability

    The polarizability of an atom or molecule is defined as the ratio of its induced dipole moment to the local electric field; in a crystalline solid, one considers the dipole moment per unit cell. [1] Note that the local electric field seen by a molecule is generally different from the macroscopic electric field that would be measured externally.

  7. Hyperpolarizability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpolarizability

    The linear electric polarizability in isotropic media is defined as the ratio of the induced dipole moment of an atom to the electric field that produces this dipole moment. [5] Therefore, the dipole moment is: =

  8. List of electromagnetism equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electromagnetism...

    Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.

  9. Polarization density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_density

    In this equation, P is the (negative of the) field induced in the material when the "fixed" charges, the dipoles, shift in response to the total underlying field E, whereas D is the field due to the remaining charges, known as "free" charges. [5] [10] In general, P varies as a function of E depending on the medium, as described later in the ...