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For persons with low self-esteem, any positive stimulus will temporarily raise self-esteem. Therefore, possessions, sex, success, or physical appearance will produce the development of self-esteem, but the development is ephemeral at best. [124] Such attempts to raise one's self-esteem by positive stimulus produce a "boom or bust" pattern.
In the textbook Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness, authors Compton and Hoffman give the "Top Down Predictors" of well-being as high self esteem, optimism, self efficacy, a sense of meaning in life, and positive relationships with others. [86]
A 2009 study found that present tense positive affirmation had a positive effect on people with high self-esteem, but a detrimental effect on those with low self esteem. Individuals with low self-esteem who made present tense (e.g. "I am") positive affirmations felt worse than individuals who made positive statements but were allowed to ...
"Affirm your own feelings, needs and desires," Dr. Schiff says. "Replace negative self-talk with positive self-affirmations in order to build a stronger sense of self-worth. Journal your ...
Self-affirmation theory is a psychological theory that focuses on how individuals adapt to information or experiences that are threatening to their self-concept. Claude Steele originally popularized self-affirmation theory in the late 1980s, [1] [2] and it remains a well-studied theory in social psychological research.
Such theories suggest that individuals regulate their self-esteem through two strategies: self-enhancement (advancing oneself or promoting positive self-views) and self-protection (fending off negative views of the self). [11] Back et al. reason that because narcissistic self-views are inflated, so too must be the processes of self-regulation.
Some researchers believe that having a high self-esteem facilitates goal achievement. Bednar, Wells, and Peterson [15] proposed that self-esteem is a form of subjective feedback about the adequacy of the self. This feedback (self-esteem) is positive when the individual copes well with circumstances and is negative when avoiding threats.
After either positive or negative feedback people with high self-esteem alter their perceptions of others, typically varying their perceptions of others ability and performance in a self-enhancing direction. [76] Those with low self-esteem however do not. Self-esteem level appears to moderate the use of strategic construals.