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Uniform flow. The depth of flow is the same at every section of the channel. Uniform flow can be steady or unsteady, depending on whether or not the depth changes with time, (although unsteady uniform flow is rare). Varied flow. The depth of flow changes along the length of the channel. Varied flow technically may be either steady or unsteady.
This can only occur in a smooth channel that does not experience any changes in flow, channel geometry, roughness or channel slope. During uniform flow, the flow depth is known as normal depth (yn). This depth is analogous to the terminal velocity of an object in free fall, where gravity and frictional forces are in balance (Moglen, 2013). [ 3 ]
The Chézy formula describes mean flow velocity in turbulent open channel flow and is used broadly in fields related to fluid mechanics and fluid dynamics. Open channels refer to any open conduit, such as rivers, ditches, canals, or partially full pipes. The Chézy formula is defined for uniform equilibrium and non-uniform, gradually varied flows.
Incompressible flow – Fluid flow in which density remains constant; Inviscid flow – Flow of fluids with zero viscosity (superfluids) Isothermal flow – Model of fluid flow; Open channel flow – Type of liquid flow within a conduit; Pipe flow – Type of liquid flow within a closed conduit
The general design of the flume detailed in ASTM D5390: Standard Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurement of Water with Palmer-Bowlus Flumes. [2] It is important to note that unlike the Parshall flume , the standard for the flume does not set out specific sizes and flow rates, but only general characteristics for the class of flume.
Open channel flow describes cases where flowing liquid has a top surface open to the air; the cross-section of the flow is only determined by the shape of the channel on the lower side, and is variable depending on the depth of liquid in the channel. Techniques appropriate for a fixed cross-section of flow in a pipe are not useful in open channels.
This is in contrast with Bernoulli's principle for dissipationless flow (without irreversible losses), where the total head is a constant along a streamline. The equation is named after Jean-Charles de Borda (1733–1799) and Lazare Carnot (1753–1823). This equation is used both for open channel flow as well as in pipe flows. In parts of the ...
Hydraulics and other studies [1] An open channel, with a uniform depth. Open-channel hydraulics deals with uniform and non-uniform streams. Illustration of hydraulic and hydrostatic, from the "Table of Hydraulics and Hydrostatics", from Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences , edited by Ephraim Chambers , 1728, Vol. 1