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Rice-fish farming landscape in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India. Net gains vary between and within countries. Overall, integrated rice-fish fields have a positive impact on net returns. In Bangladesh, net returns are over 50% greater than in rice monocultures. [6] In China, the net return by region is between 45 and 270% greater. [6]
An integrated system of aquaculture and agriculture where fish are grown in rice paddies has been employed in the North Kerian area of Perak in Peninsular Malaysia since the 1930's. Several rice-fish systems are also reported to have a long history in Indonesia. [20]
In South-East Asia and China, rice-fish systems on rice paddies have raised freshwater fish as well as rice, producing a valuable additional crop and reducing eutrophication of neighbouring rivers. [26] Rice-duck farming is practised across tropical and subtropical Asia.
Rice polyculture is the cultivation of rice and another crop simultaneously on the same land. The practice exploits the mutual benefit between rice and organisms such as fish and ducks: the rice supports pests which serve as food for the fish and ducks, while the animals' excrement serves as fertilizer for the rice.
Asian farmers had a tradition of fattening ducks on rice paddies, though this was achieved in different ways. Integrated rice-duck farming uses hybrid ducks such as Aigamo that avoid eating the leaves of rice plants. [2] [3] Such mutually-beneficial polycultural systems have been described as permacultures. [1]
The holistic approach UNI 11233 new European bio standard: an integrated production system looks at and relates to the whole organic and bio farm. The International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC) describes integrated farming according to the UNI 11233-2009 European standard as a farming system where high-quality organic food, animal feed, fiber, and renewable energy are produced by ...
In some tropical Asian countries some traditional forms of aquaculture of finfish in floating cages, nearby fish and shrimp ponds, and oyster farming integrated with some capture fisheries in estuaries can be considered a form of IMTA. [7] Since 2010, IMTA has been used commercially in Norway, Scotland, and Ireland.
The Integrated Aqua-Vegeculture System (iAVs), also informally known as Sandponics, [1] is a food production method that combines aquaculture and horticulture (olericulture). [2] It was developed in the 1980s by Mark McMurtry and colleagues at North Carolina State University including Doug Sanders, Paul V. Nelson and Merle Jensen.