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The environmental impact of agriculture is the effect that different farming practices have on the ecosystems around them, and how those effects can be traced back to those practices. [1] The environmental impact of agriculture varies widely based on practices employed by farmers and by the scale of practice.
In 2022, greenhouse gas emissions from rice cultivation were estimated at 5.7 billion tonnes CO2eq, representing 1.2% of total emissions. [59] Within the agriculture sector, rice produces almost half the greenhouse gas emissions from croplands, [60] some 30% of agricultural methane emissions, and 11% of agricultural nitrous oxide emissions. [61]
Annual rice production in the Philippines increased from 3.7 to 7.7 million tons in two decades. [40] The switch to IR8 rice made the Philippines a rice exporter for the first time in the 20th century, [ 41 ] though imports still exceeded exports, according to data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a farming methodology that aims to increase the yield of rice while using fewer resources and reducing environmental impacts. The method was developed by a French Jesuit Father Henri de Laulanié in Madagascar [ 1 ] and built upon decades of agricultural experimentation.
Pollutants from agriculture greatly affect water quality and can be found in lakes, rivers, wetlands, estuaries, and groundwater. Pollutants from farming include sediments, nutrients, pathogens, pesticides, metals, and salts. [1] Animal agriculture has an outsized impact on pollutants that enter the environment.
Predictions of climate change's effects on rice cultivation vary. Global rice yield has been projected to decrease by around 3.2% with each 1 °C increase in global average temperature [142] while another study predicts global rice cultivation will increase initially, plateauing at about 3 °C warming (2091–2100 relative to 1850–1900). [143]
It gives an environment favourable to the strain of rice being grown, and is hostile to many species of weeds. As the only draft animal species which is comfortable in wetlands, the water buffalo is in widespread use in Asian rice paddies. [49] A recent development in the intensive production of rice is the System of Rice Intensification.
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