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Although less common than ICD, ACD is accepted to be the most prevalent form of immunotoxicity found in humans. [1] By its allergic nature, this form of contact dermatitis is a hypersensitive reaction that is atypical within the population. The mechanisms by which these reactions occur are complex, with many levels of fine control.
From 2011-2016 Multiple Chemical Sensitivity was illegally added to the USA ICD10 medical diagnostic code system. The CDC ICD10 code maintenance supervisor said they have no idea how it got into the system. It was removed in 2011.
Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) is an abnormal physiological condition in which there is an undesirable and adverse immune response to an antigen. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is an abnormality in the immune system that causes immune diseases including allergies and autoimmunity .
Allergic contact dermatitis involves a delayed type of hypersensitivity and previous exposure to an allergen to produce a reaction. [2] Irritant contact dermatitis is the most common type and represents 80% of all cases. [1]
Like other drug-induced SCARs disorders, the DRESS syndrome is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction in which a drug or its metabolite stimulates cytotoxic T cells (i.e. CD8 + T cells) or T helper cells (i.e. CD4 + T cells) to initiate autoimmune reactions that attack self tissues. DRESS syndrome is a SCARs type IV, subtype IVb reaction.
Serum sickness in humans is a reaction to proteins in antiserum derived from a non-human animal source, occurring 5–10 days after exposure. Symptoms often include a rash, joint pain, fever, and lymphadenopathy. It is a type of hypersensitivity, specifically immune complex hypersensitivity .
Type III hypersensitivity, in the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, occurs when there is accumulation of immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that have not been adequately cleared by innate immune cells, giving rise to an inflammatory response and attraction of leukocytes.
Pseudoallergy, sometimes known as nonallergic hypersensitivity, is a type of hypersensitivity reaction mostly described in the context of drug allergy.The mechanism is somewhat similar to the type 1 hypersensitivity in the Gell and Coombs classification in that the effector cell is also mast cell.