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Obsidian has also been found in Gilat, a site in the western Negev in Israel. Eight obsidian artifacts dating to the Chalcolithic Age found at this site were traced to obsidian sources in Anatolia. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) on the obsidian found at this site helped to reveal trade routes and exchange networks previously unknown. [52]
A 40,000-year-old obsidian tool was found in Syria that was made from Golludag obsidian. [3] The areas where obsidian was processed locally may be the earliest such workshops in the world. In 1996, it was determined that the early humans passed through this area during their transition from Africa to Europe.
In fact, the mountains are named for the numerous deposits of obsidian found on their slopes. [ 2 ] [ 8 ] [ 24 ] There is a wide variety of high-quality obsidian found in the area including jet black, brown, green, red fire, pumpkin, mahogany, midnight lace, rainbow, gold sheen, silver sheen, and snowflake as well as several double flow varieties.
In 2018, evidence dating to about 320,000 years ago was found at Olorgesailie of the early emergence of complex and modern behaviors, possibly associated with early Homo sapiens, including: the trade and long-distance transportation of resources (such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points.
Edziza obsidian found in coastal areas of southeast Alaska. Edziza obsidian is a naturally formed volcanic glass found at the Mount Edziza volcanic complex in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It occurs in at least four geological formations of the volcanic complex and was widely used by indigenous peoples during the pre-Columbian era.
In the past, the area was also used as a source for obsidian; [36] obsidian from Hombre Muerto has been found in Holocene archeological sites at Antofagasta de la Sierra. [37] The name "Salar del Hombre Muerto" means "Salt Pan of the Dead Man" [38] and may be a reference to the presence of mummies in the area. [39]
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Based on the presence of primary burials, the earlier interpretation of the presence of a single "Jarigole Mortuary tradition" was overturned. [5] In addition, the recent studies on the sourcing on mineralogy of the stone beads found on the site, has also proved that the materials were locally sourced, therefore disproving the long-distance trade networks theory as earlier suggested by Nelson [12]