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  2. Seawater - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater

    The freezing point of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases. At typical salinity, it freezes at about −2 °C (28 °F). [1] The coldest seawater still in the liquid state ever recorded was found in 2010, in a stream under an Antarctic glacier: the measured temperature was −2.6 °C (27.3 °F). [2]

  3. Properties of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water

    However, the salt content of oceans lowers the freezing point by about 1.9 °C [41] (due to freezing-point depression of a solvent containing a solute) and lowers the temperature of the density maximum of water to the former freezing point at 0 °C. This is why, in ocean water, the downward convection of colder water is not blocked by an ...

  4. Ocean - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean

    Seawater with a typical salinity of 35‰ has a freezing point of about −1.8 °C (28.8 °F). [89] [107] Because sea ice is less dense than water, it floats on the ocean's surface (as does fresh water ice, which has an even lower density). Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth's surface and about 12% of the world's oceans.

  5. Arctic Ocean - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean

    The temperature of the surface water of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant at approximately −1.8 °C (28.8 °F), near the freezing point of seawater. The density of sea water, in contrast to fresh water, increases as it nears the freezing point and thus it tends to sink.

  6. Brine rejection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_rejection

    The annual increase of ice plays a major role in the movement of ocean circulation and deep water formation. The density of the water below the newly-formed ice increases due to brine rejection. Saltier water can also become colder without freezing.

  7. Sea ice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice

    Only the top layer of water needs to cool to the freezing point. [11] Convection of the surface layer involves the top 100–150 m (330–490 ft), down to the pycnocline of increased density. In calm water, the first sea ice to form on the surface is a skim of separate crystals which initially are in the form of tiny discs, floating flat on the ...

  8. Pacific Ocean - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean

    Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), the freezing point of seawater, in the poleward areas to about 30 °C (86 °F) near the equator. [70] Salinity also varies latitudinally, reaching a maximum of 37 parts per thousand in the southeastern area. The water near the equator, which can have a salinity as ...

  9. Deep ocean water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_ocean_water

    Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found in the deep sea, starting at 200 m (660 ft) below the surface of Earth's oceans. Ocean water differs in temperature and salinity . Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters; [ 1 ] in polar regions , the upper layers of ocean water are cold and ...