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Patriarchy is a social system in which positions of authority are primarily held by men. The term patriarchy is used both in anthropology to describe a family or clan controlled by the father or eldest male or group of males, and in feminist theory to describe a broader social structure in which men as a group dominate society. [1] [2] [3]
The women's right to vote, with its legislative representation, represented a paradigm shift where women would no longer be treated as second-class citizens without a voice. The women's suffrage campaign is the most deeply embedded campaign of the past 250 years. [127] [dubious – discuss] At first, suffrage was treated as a lower priority.
Ross was one of the African American women who first coined the term "reproductive justice," with the aim to frame the pursuit of reproductive justice using the social justice framework. [ 3 ] Ross acted as National Co-director for women of color [ 1 ] of Washington, D.C.'s March for Women's Lives on April 25, 2004. [ 19 ]
In Liechtenstein, women were given the right to vote by the women's suffrage referendum of 1984. Three prior referendums held in 1968, 1971 and 1973 had failed to secure women's right to vote. [68] Workers in the US Women's Army Corps deploying to Europe to fulfill the labor roles of men who were being redeployed to the Pacific, 1945
The term materialist feminism emerged in the late 1970s; materialist feminism highlights capitalism and patriarchy as central in understanding women's oppression. Under materialist feminism, gender is seen as a social construct, and society forces gender roles, such as bearing children, onto women. Materialist feminism's ideal vision is a ...
Classic statements in its literature include Carolyn Merchant, United States, The Death of Nature; [113] Maria Mies, Germany, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale; [114] Vandana Shiva, India, Staying Alive: Women Ecology and Development; [115] Ariel Salleh, Australia, Ecofeminism as Politics: nature, Marx, and the postmodern. [116]
The term was coined by Turkish author and researcher Deniz Kandiyoti in her 1988 article, "Bargaining with Patriarchy", which appeared in the September issue of Gender & Society. [ 1 ] Sociologist Lisa Wade states that patriarchal bargain is "an individual strategy designed to manipulate the system to one’s best advantage, but one that leaves ...
"The Covenant" argues that this symbolic devaluation of women in relation to the divine becomes one of the metaphors that founds Western society, along with the assumption that women are incomplete and damaged human beings of a different and lower order than men, as described by Aristotle. "Symbols" "The Creation of Patriarchy"