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Thermal expansion generally decreases with increasing bond energy, which also has an effect on the melting point of solids, so high melting point materials are more likely to have lower thermal expansion. In general, liquids expand slightly more than solids. The thermal expansion of glasses is slightly higher compared to that of crystals. [5]
In thermodynamics, the Volume Correction Factor (VCF), also known as Correction for the effect of Temperature on Liquid (CTL), is a standardized computed factor used to correct for the thermal expansion of fluids, primarily, liquid hydrocarbons at various temperatures and densities. [1]
The increase observed for water from 0 °C (32 °F) to 3.98 °C (39.16 °F) and for a few other liquids [d] is described as negative thermal expansion. Regular, hexagonal ice is also less dense than liquid water—upon freezing, the density of water decreases by about 9%. [36] [e]
In the vicinity of the critical point, the physical properties of the liquid and the vapor change dramatically, with both phases becoming even more similar. For instance, liquid water under normal conditions is nearly incompressible, has a low thermal expansion coefficient, has a high dielectric constant, and is an excellent solvent for ...
where γ is the heat capacity ratio, α is the volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion, ρ = N/V is the particle density, and = (/) is the thermal pressure coefficient. In an extensive thermodynamic system, the application of statistical mechanics shows that the isothermal compressibility is also related to the relative size of fluctuations ...
The method of expansion discussed in this article, in which a gas or liquid at pressure P 1 flows into a region of lower pressure P 2 without significant change in kinetic energy, is called the Joule–Thomson expansion. The expansion is inherently irreversible. During this expansion, enthalpy remains unchanged (see proof below). Unlike a free ...
Figure 1: Thermal pressure as a function of temperature normalized to A of the few compounds commonly used in the study of Geophysics. [3]The thermal pressure coefficient can be considered as a fundamental property; it is closely related to various properties such as internal pressure, sonic velocity, the entropy of melting, isothermal compressibility, isobaric expansibility, phase transition ...
To distinguish these two thermal expansion equations of state, the latter one is called pressure-dependent thermal expansion equation of state. To develop the pressure-dependent thermal expansion equation of state, in an compression process at room temperature from (V 0, T 0, P 0) to (V 1, T 0,P 1), a general form of volume is expressed as