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Some languages, like Buginese (five million speakers) and Makassarese (two million speakers), are widely distributed and vigorously used. Many of the languages with much smaller numbers of speakers are also still vigorously spoken, but some languages are almost extinct, because language use of the ethnic population has shifted to the dominant regional language, e.g. in the case of Ponosakan ...
Makassarese is also considered important as a marker of ethnic identity. However, in urban communities, code-switching or code-mixing between Makassar and Indonesian is common. Some urban Makassar residents, especially those from the middle class or with multiethnic backgrounds, also use Indonesian as the primary language in their households. [16]
The Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (lit. ' Community Health Center ' ), abbreviated as Puskesmas , are government-mandated community health clinics located across Indonesia . They are overseen by the Indonesian Ministry of Health and provide healthcare for the population on sub-district level.
A characteristic feature of the Makassar languages is the occurrence of echo vowels with stems ending in final /r/, /l/ or /s/.E.g. /botol/ 'bottle' is realized as bótolo in Selayar and Coastal Konjo, and as bótoloʔ in Makassarese and Highland Konjo (the latter regularly adds a glottal stop to the echo vowel).
Makassar city sign. Paruntuk Kana (Lontara script: ᨄᨑᨘᨈᨘᨀᨊ, parable) is a type of Makassarese poetry. It is similar to a proverb or aphorism and conveys advice, satire, or praise. [1] [2] Nowadays, Paruntuk Kana is virtually forgotten by Makassarese people as a part of their culture. In the past, it was used to show the respectful ...
Makassar Malay is a creole-based mixed language, which is built of Bazaar Malay lexicon, Makassarese inflections, and mixed Malay/Makassarese syntax. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] It is now widely spoken as the first language in Makassar City and its surrounding areas, especially those who were born after 1980's.
The Makasar script, also known as Ukiri' Jangang-jangang (bird's script) or Old Makasar script, is a historical Indonesian writing system that was used in South Sulawesi to write the Makassarese language between the 17th and 19th centuries until it was supplanted by the Lontara Bugis script.
The Makassar kings maintained a policy of free trade, insisting on the right of any visitor to do business in the city, and rejecting the attempts of the Dutch to establish a monopoly. [12] Makassar depended mainly on the Muslim Malay and Catholic Portuguese sailors communities as its two crucial economic assets. However the English East India ...