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Olney's lesions, also known as NMDA receptor antagonist neurotoxicity (NAT), is a form of brain damage consisting of selective death of neurons but not glia, observed in restricted brain regions of rats and certain other animal models exposed to large quantities of psychoactive drugs that inhibit the normal operation of the neuronal NMDA receptor.
Long-term or habitual use can lead to severe neurological damage. [3] Nitrous oxide is said to enhance the effects of psychedelics. [6] Since nitrous oxide can cause dizziness, dissociation, and temporary loss of motor control, it is unsafe to inhale while standing up. Safer use can involve inhalation while seated to decrease risks of injury by ...
As a final step, NOS is dephosphorylated yielding nitric oxide (NO), which accumulates in the brain, increasing its oxidative stress. There are several ROS, including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl, all of which lead to neurotoxicity. Naturally, the body utilizes a defensive mechanism to diminish the fatal effects of the reactive ...
Brain damage is typically seen with chronic long-term use of solvents as opposed to short-term exposure. ... Nitrous oxide inhalation can cause ... "Regular abuse can ...
Some studies found that, like other NMDA receptor antagonists, PCP can cause a kind of brain damage called Olney's lesions in rats. [66] [67] Studies conducted on rats showed that high doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine caused reversible vacuoles to form in certain regions of the rats' brains. All studies of Olney's lesions have ...
Administration of nitrous oxide anesthesia can precipitate subacute combined degeneration in people with subclinical vitamin B 12 deficiency, while chronic nitrous oxide exposure can cause it even in persons with normal B 12 levels. Posterior column dysfunction decreases vibratory sensation and proprioception (joint sense).
Common examples of neurotoxins include lead, [7] ethanol (drinking alcohol), [8] glutamate, [9] nitric oxide, [10] botulinum toxin (e.g. Botox), [11] tetanus toxin, [12] and tetrodotoxin. [6] Some substances such as nitric oxide and glutamate are in fact essential for proper function of the body and only exert neurotoxic effects at excessive ...
William E. White, author of the "DXM FAQ", has compiled informal research from correspondence with dextromethorphan users suggesting that heavy abuse may result in various deficits corresponding to the brain areas affected by Olney's lesions; these include loss of episodic memory, decline in ability to learn, abnormalities in some aspects of ...