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Sulfates in solution in contact with concrete can cause chemical changes to the cement, which can cause significant microstructural effects leading to the weakening of the cement binder (chemical sulfate attack). Sulfate solutions can also cause damage to porous cementitious materials through crystallization and recrystallization (salt attack). [7]
The hydrogen sulfide gas is biochemically oxidized in the presence of moisture to form sulfuric acid. The effect of sulfuric acid on concrete and steel surfaces exposed to severe wastewater environments can be devastating. [1] In the USA alone, corrosion causes sewer asset losses estimated at $14 billion per year. [2]
Oxide jacking has caused concrete spalling on walls of the Herbst Pavilion at Fort Mason Center in San Francisco. The expansive force of rusting, which may be called oxide jacking or rust burst, is a phenomenon that can cause damage to structures made of stone, masonry, concrete or ceramics, and reinforced with metal components.
Bhattacharyya [5] did a study on the three separate types of fungi that are known to cause concrete corrosion: Aspergillus tamarii, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium. Aspergillus tamarii was the most destructive of the three fungi. It causes cracks to widen and deepen, quickly and efficiently takes root, and promotes calcium oxalate.
Examples may include sulfate-reducing bacteria (or sulfur-reducing bacteria), which produce sulfide and often cause corrosion of ferrous metals (and other alloys). Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Acidithiobacillus ), on the other hand, can produce sulfuric acid, and can be involved in corrosion of concrete.
Pictures of L.A. fire damage show aftermath of California blazes. Weather. CBS News. See the aerial attack being utilized to battle the L.A. area wildfires. Advertisement. Advertisement.
The CDC says the only way to prevent recreational water illnesses is to keep germs out of the pool in the first place and to practice the following steps for healthy swimming:
Kansas City Chiefs quarterback Patrick Mahomes has been diagnosed with a "mild" high ankle sprain, according to NFL Network's Ian Rapoport. Mahomes was thought to have sustained some kind of ankle ...