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Studies of nonhuman subjects support the theory that falling is an inborn fear. Gibson and Walk performed identical experiments with chicks, turtles, rats, kids, lambs, kittens, and puppies. [1] The results were similar to those of the human infants, although each animal behaved a little differently according to the characteristics of its species.
Among adults, 21.2 percent of women and 10.9 percent of men have a single specific phobia, while multiple phobias occur in 5.4 percent of females and 1.5 percent of males. [65] Women are nearly four times as likely as men to have a fear of animals (12.1 percent in women and 3.3 percent in men) — a higher dimorphic than with all specific or ...
In psychology, preparedness is a concept developed to explain why certain associations are learned more readily than others. [1] [2] For example, phobias related to survival, such as snakes, spiders, and heights, are much more common and much easier to induce in the laboratory than other kinds of fears.
Food phobias are somewhat less common than other types of eating disorders, such as anorexia, bulimia, or binge eating disorder, she says, but they still impact a significant number of people.
In humans and other animals, fear is modulated by cognition and learning. Thus, fear is judged as rational and appropriate, or irrational and inappropriate. Irrational fears are phobias. Fear is closely related to the emotion anxiety, which occurs as the result of often future threats that are perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable. [1]
Reciprocal inhibition is based on the idea that two opposing neurological states, such as relaxation and anxiety, cannot coexist. This idea implies that methods which produce calmness by activating the parasympathetic nervous system, such as deep muscle relaxation, may reduce the responses typically associated with fear-inducing stimuli.
Artistic depiction of a child afraid of the dark and frightened by their shadow. (Linocut by the artist Ethel Spowers (1927).)Fear of the dark is a common fear or phobia among toddlers, children and, to a varying degree, adults.
Phobophobia can also be defined as the fear of phobias or fear of developing a phobia. Phobophobia is related to anxiety disorders and panic attacks directly linked to other types of phobias, such as agoraphobia. [1] When a patient has developed phobophobia, their condition must be diagnosed and treated as part of anxiety disorders. [2]