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The geniohyoid is a paired short muscle that arises from the inferior mental spine, on the back of the mandibular symphysis, and runs backward and slightly downward, to be inserted into the anterior surface of the body of the hyoid bone. [2]: 346 It lies in contact with its fellow of the opposite side. It thus belongs to the suprahyoid muscles.
The four classical muscles of mastication elevate the mandible (closing the jaw) and move it forward/backward and laterally, facilitating biting and chewing. Other muscles are responsible for opening the jaw, namely the geniohyoid , mylohyoid , and digastric muscles (the lateral pterygoid may play a role).
The inferior mental spines are the points of origin of the geniohyoid muscle, [2] one of the suprahyoid muscles, and the superior mental spines are the origin of the genioglossus muscle, one of the muscles of the tongue. Mental spines are important landmarks in clinical practice.
The hyoglossus is a thin and quadrilateral extrinsic muscle of the tongue. It originates from the hyoid bone; it inserts onto the side of the tongue. It is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII). It acts to depress and retract the tongue.
The suprahyoid muscles are four muscles located above the hyoid bone in the neck. They are the digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles. They are all pharyngeal muscles, with the exception of the geniohyoid muscle. The digastric is uniquely named for its two bellies.
The anterior surface gives insertion to the geniohyoid muscle in the greater part of its extent both above and below the transverse ridge; a portion of the origin of the hyoglossus notches the lateral margin of the geniohyoid attachment. Below the transverse ridge the mylohyoid, sternohyoid, and omohyoid are inserted.
Geniohyoid: by a branch from the hypoglossal nerve consisting of fibres from the C1 nerve. Sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid are supplied by ansa cervicalis. Thyrohyoid: by a branch of hypoglossal nerve but the fibres are all 'hitch-hiking' from C1.
Muscles innervated by this nerve are: Geniohyoid muscle- through hypoglossal nerve; Rectus capitis anterior muscle; Longus capitis muscle (partly) Rectus capitis lateralis muscle; Splenius cervicis muscle (partly) Rectus capitis posterior major muscle; levator scapulae muscle (partly) Thyrohyoid muscle – through hypoglossal nerve