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Hi/Lo is an algorithm and a key generation strategy used for generating unique keys for use in a database as a primary key.It uses a sequence-based hi-lo pattern to generate values.
Prev LSN: A link to their last log record. This implies database logs are constructed in linked list form. Transaction ID number: A reference to the database transaction generating the log record. Type: Describes the type of database log record. Information about the actual changes that triggered the log record to be written.
Since the trigger requires that primary key being the same throughout time, it is desirable to either ensure or maximize its immutability, if a primary key changed its value, the entity it represents would break its own history. There are several options to achieve or maximize the primary key immutability: Use of a surrogate key as a primary ...
For example, MySQL began supporting transactions from early version 3.23, but the InnoDB storage engine was not default before version 5.5. The earlier available storage engine, MyISAM does not support transactions. A transaction is typically started using the command BEGIN (although the SQL standard specifies START TRANSACTION).
A surrogate key is frequently a sequential number (e.g. a Sybase or SQL Server "identity column", a PostgreSQL or Informix serial, an Oracle or SQL Server SEQUENCE or a column defined with AUTO_INCREMENT in MySQL). Some databases provide UUID/GUID as a possible data type for surrogate keys (e.g. PostgreSQL UUID [3] or SQL Server ...
For example, if a flight booking reports that a seat has successfully been booked, then the seat will remain booked even if the system crashes. [2] Formally, a database system ensures the durability property if it tolerates three types of failures: transaction, system, and media failures. [1]
We create log records of the form (Sequence Number, Transaction ID, Page ID, Redo, Undo, Previous Sequence Number). The Redo and Undo fields keep information about the changes this log record saves and how to undo them. The Previous Sequence Number is a reference to the previous log record that was created for this transaction.
For example, when a new record (representing a new worker) is added to the employees table, new records should also be created in the tables of the taxes, vacations and salaries. Triggers can also be used to log historical data, for example to keep track of employees' previous salaries.