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  2. Geographical distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_distance

    Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude. This distance is an element in solving the second (inverse) geodetic ...

  3. Haversine formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haversine_formula

    d is the distance between the two points along a great circle of the sphere (see spherical distance), r is the radius of the sphere. The haversine formula allows the haversine of θ to be computed directly from the latitude (represented by φ) and longitude (represented by λ) of the two points:

  4. Vincenty's formulae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenty's_formulae

    Vincenty's formulae are two related iterative methods used in geodesy to calculate the distance between two points on the surface of a spheroid, developed by Thaddeus Vincenty (1975a). They are based on the assumption that the figure of the Earth is an oblate spheroid, and hence are more accurate than methods that assume a spherical Earth, such ...

  5. Geographic coordinate conversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate...

    Informally, specifying a geographic location usually means giving the location's latitude and longitude.The numerical values for latitude and longitude can occur in a number of different units or formats: [2]

  6. Earth radius - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius

    Earth radius (denoted as R 🜨 or R E) is the distance from the center of Earth to a point on or near its surface. Approximating the figure of Earth by an Earth spheroid (an oblate ellipsoid), the radius ranges from a maximum (equatorial radius, denoted a) of nearly 6,378 km (3,963 mi) to a minimum (polar radius, denoted b) of nearly 6,357 km (3,950 mi).

  7. Longitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude

    The length of a degree of longitude (east–west distance) depends only on the radius of a circle of latitude. For a sphere of radius a that radius at latitude φ is a cos φ , and the length of a one-degree (or ⁠ π / 180 ⁠ radian ) arc along a circle of latitude is

  8. Geohash - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geohash

    Since a geohash (in this implementation) is based on coordinates of longitude and latitude the distance between two geohashes reflects the distance in latitude/longitude coordinates between two points, which does not translate to actual distance, see Haversine formula. Example of non-linearity for latitude-longitude system:

  9. Latitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude

    The rectifying latitude, μ, is the meridian distance scaled so that its value at the poles is equal to 90 degrees or ⁠ π / 2 ⁠ radians: = where the meridian distance from the equator to a latitude ϕ is (see Meridian arc)