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These include general surgical procedures, cataract surgery, hemorrhagic shock, certain medications, and optic disc drusen. The exact mechanism of optic nerve ischemia in these cases remains unclear, but contributing factors may include hypotension , anemia , hypoxia , and changes in the autoregulation of optic nerve arterial blood flow.
In children, optic disc drusen are usually buried and undetectable by fundoscopy except for a mild or moderate elevation of the optic disc. With age, the overlying axons become atrophied and the drusen become exposed and more visible. They may become apparent with an ophthalmoscope and some visual field loss at the end of adolescence. [7]
Diagnosis requires exclusion of other neurological, ophthalmological, and systemic conditions. [3] Any cause of optic neuropathy should be ruled out, including demyelinating ( MOG antibody disease , multiple sclerosis , and neuromyelitis optica ) and systemic disease (diabetic, toxic, nutritional, and infectious causes). [ 3 ]
Drusen, from the German word for node or geode (singular, "Druse"), are tiny yellow or white accumulations of extracellular material that build up between Bruch's membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The presence of a few small ("hard") drusen is normal with advancing age, and most people over 40 have some hard drusen. [1]
Major symptoms are sudden loss of vision (partial or complete), sudden blurred or "foggy" vision, and; pain on movement of the affected eye. [4] [5] [2]Many patients with optic neuritis may lose some of their color vision in the affected eye (especially red), with colors appearing subtly washed out compared to the other eye.
Cupping of the optic disc was found in 89% of DOA patients in at least one of their eyes. [ 6 ] With loss of the central visual fields, there is impairment of color vision in addition to loss of visual acuity varying from mild to severe, typically ranging from 6/6 (in meters, equivalent to 20/20, ft) to 6/60 (20/200, ft) with a median value of ...
Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (arteritic AION, A-AION or AAION) is vision loss that occurs in giant cell arteritis (also known as temporal arteritis).Temporal arteritis is an inflammatory disease of medium-sized blood vessels that happens especially with advancing age.
Layers of the eye, with the choroid labelled. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the creation of new blood vessels in the choroid layer of the eye.Choroidal neovascularization is a common cause of neovascular degenerative maculopathy (i.e. 'wet' macular degeneration) [1] commonly exacerbated by extreme myopia, malignant myopic degeneration, or age-related developments.